Phonetics (Revision) (Week 7)

• U.S. phonetic symbos and IPA.
• The vocal tract.
• Airstream mechanism.
• Consonants: places and manners of articulation.
• Consonants: voicing, aspiration.
• Consonants: Stops and affrication.
• Consonants: Uvulars, pharyngeals, glottals.
• Consonants: liquids, laterals, flaps (taps), trills (and continuants).
• Consonants: glides.
• Consonants: secondary features.
• Vowels: high-mid-low and front-central-back.
• Vowels: lip rounding.
• Vowels: long-short and tense-lax.
• Vowels: diphthongs and triphthongs.
• Major classes.
• Syllabic sounds.
• Tone and intonation.

1. American phonetic symbols and IPA.
   • Tab. 6.1, p. 220. Phonetic alphabet for U.S. English pronunciation.
   • U.S. and IPA phonetic symbols
     

     U.S.

     s&

     z&

     c&

     ¾&

     i

     e

     u

     o

     aj

     j

     aw

     ar

     IPA

     S

     Z

     tS

     dZ

     iù

     eI

     uù

     oU

     aI

     I

     aU

     Aù

   • Sometimes:

     	y	ü	ö
     IPA	j	y	¿

2. The vocal tract: Fig. 6-1, p. 222.
3. Airstream mechanism.
   • Pulmonic egressive sounds: air pushed out from the lungs.
   • Ejectives: egressives with a glottal airstream mechanism.
   • Implosives: ingressives with a glottal airstream mechanism.
   • Clicks: ingressives with a velar airstream mechanism.
4. Consonants: places and manners of articulation, Table 6.4, p. 233.
5. Consonants: voicing, aspiration.
   • In English:
     Voiced stops and affricates are unaspirated.
     Voiceless stops and affricates aspirated except when suppressed by a immediately preceding [s] in the same syllable.
   • In Mandarin and Cantonese Chinese:
     All oral stops and affricatives are voiceless.
     Oral stops and affricatives may be voiceless or voiced.
   • In Shanghainese Chinese:
     Three-way distinction for stops and affricates. Voiced stops and affricates (aspirated). Aspirated voiceless stops and affricates. Unaspirated voicelss stops and affricates.
   • In general, voicing and aspiration need not be coupled.
6. Consonants: palatal sounds.
   • Alveopalatals in English.
   • Alveopalatal and palatal fricatives in German.
   • Palatal and retroflex fricatives and affricates in Mandarin.
   • No palatal stops in English, Mandarin and Cantonese.
   • Palatal stops in the Yantai dialect, e.g. [jinca].
   • Palatal stops in Tibetan, e.g. [cami].
7. Consonants: uvulars, pharyngeals, glottals.
   • No velar and uvular fricatives in English and Cantonese.
   • The velar fricative /x/ in Mandarin is uvular [X] in some contexts.
   • German uvular frictive [X].
   • French and German uvular [{].
   • Syllable-initial glottal stop in Mandarin and Cantonese.
   • No syllable-initial glottal stop in respectable English accents.
   • Pharyngeal sounds.
8. Consonants (liquids): laterals, flaps (taps), trills (and continuants).
   • Voiceless lateral fricative in Toishan (Taishan) Cantonese.
   • The English "r"is actually a retroflex continuant (glide).
   • Trilled [r], e.g. Spanish perro.
   • Flapped "r", e.g. Spanish pero, Japanese "r".
9. Consonants: glides.
10. Consonants: secondary features.
    • English [S] and [tS] have the secondary feature of having lip-rounding.
    • Cantonese alveo-palatals have spread lips.
11. Vowels: high-mid-low and front-central-back, Fig. 6-5, p.237 (note American anarchism).
12. Vowels: lip rounding.
    • In English, all front vowels are unround and all back vowels (except [A]) are round.
    • In Cantonese, Mandarin and French, front vowels can be round or unround.
    • In some languages, back vowels may be unround. Japanese "u". Hokkien [t¬]
13. Vowels: long-short and tense-lax.
14. Vowels: diphthongs and triphthongs.
15. Major classes.
16. Syllabic sounds.
17. Tone and intonation.